13th Juror, LLC

Before a police officer performs a lawful seizure, he/she must know and rely upon the law. Each Liability law disc contains the full case review of more then 5,400 Police Procedures and Practices cases (Updated to April 7, 2013) from the United States Federal & State Court Systems. The United States Supreme Court, Federal Courts, and State Courts are represented. Link to "Coplaw CD" in the left column to purchase your disc. (13thjuror Brochure)

In determining whether expert testimony on the use of force by a police officer is properly admissible under the appropriate standard, we note that "[a]s a general proposition, the 'objective reasonableness' standard may be comprehensible to a lay juror. On the other hand, any 'objective' test implies the existence of a standard of conduct, and, where the standard is not defined by the generic--a reasonable person--but rather by the specific--a reasonable officer--it is more likely that [federal rule of evidence] 702's line between common and specialized knowledge has been crossed."Kopf v. Skyrm, 993 F.2d 374, 378 (4th Cir. 1993) (analyzing plaintiff's claim that court improperly excluded expert testimony concerning defendant's use of non-deadlyforce in effecting arrest). In Kopf, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit stated that "[w]here force is reduced to its most primitive form--the bare hands--expert testimony might not be helpful. Add handcuffs, a gun, a slapjack, [M]ace, or some other tool, and the jury may start to ask itself: What is [M]ace? What is an officer's training on using a gun? How much damage can a slapjack do? Answering these questions may often be assisted by expert testimony." State v. Smith, 73 Conn.App. 173, 807 A.2d 500 (Conn.App. 10/22/2002)...We conclude that the test for evaluating self-defense claims pursuant to Connecticut General Statute 53a-22 is a subjective-objective test.

In determining whether an officer has a reasonable suspicion of a threat to his/her personal safety the courts have considered the training and experience of the officer. See United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273, 122 S.Ct. 744 (2002) ("This process allows officers to draw on their own experience and specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available to them that might well elude an untrained person.");United States v. Barlin, 686 F.2d 81, 86 (2^nd Cir. 1982) ("[W]e must view the surrounding circumstances . . . through the eyes of a reasonable and cautious police officer on the scene guided by his training and experience."); United States v. Rideau, 969 F.2d 1572, 1575 (5th Cir. 1992) ("Trained, experienced officers....may perceive danger where an untrained observer would not.").

34 years of Police Experience.
Masters Degree in Criminal Justice.
Police Detective, Sergeant, Lieutenant

 Connecticut Police Academy Training Instructor (Ret)

 Connecticut Police Academy Worker's Compensation Stipulation 

Reginald F. , Jr.

 Fax: (860)-621-1013

Expert Witness CV

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